Robert R.  Prechter, Jr.
OxfordsVoices.com

An Online Bookset Titled

OXFORD’S VOICES
What Shakespeare Wrote Before He Was Shakespeare

This book is the culmination of a 24-year research project. I started this venture when I was 48 years old. I am now 72.

In 1920, a British researcher determined that a man named Edward de Vere, titled the 17th Earl of Oxford (1550-1604), wrote the works that came out under the name William Shakespeare. His discovery is still dismissed in some circles, but extensive scholarship bearing on the authorship question has—to my mind—confirmed the thesis beyond a reasonable doubt. (If this idea is new to you, just read the Shakespeare chapter in my book, which summarizes the case.)

Oxford’s acknowledged poems are mostly from his teen years, whereas his plays and poems issued under the name Shakespeare are strikingly mature. As others had surmised, it seemed reasonable that there must be other works by him, to fill the gap. If so, where were they hiding?

At the outset, I thought it would take me about a year or two to figure out what other works Oxford wrote. I vastly underestimated the intricacy of the matter. Doing justice to the subject required reading and assimilating massive amounts of material. I set out to investigate every play, poem, prose story and literary translation from the Elizabethan era from 1557 through 1604 and in some cases beyond. In all, I accessed 2945 Elizabethan and Jacobean publications and 2500 scholarly books, papers and articles. I read every word of many of them, some multiple times, whereas others required only skimming.

As it turns out, Oxford wrote many uncredited books, plays, treatises, poems and songs. Most people to whom these publications were attributed never came anywhere near them.

I call the names under which Oxford wrote Voices. Because evidence suggests that the name Shakespeare debuted as a pseudonym and only subsequently became attached to a real person, I thought I would find that most of Oxford’s Voices would turn out to be pseudonyms. I soon realized that Oxford borrowed nearly all his names from real, local people. Such cover names are called allonyms. The employment of allonyms is one reason why Oxford was so successful in keeping his authorship hidden.

To tell Oxford’s Voices apart from the independent writers, I had to read their works, too. In the process, I discovered that several more people of the era had issued books under pseudonyms and allonyms.

The book does the following things:

  1. Uncovers contradictions, inconsistencies, incongruities, absurdities and voids in conventional biographies of Elizabethan writers and within the era’s accepted literary canons.
  2. Uncovers biographical, genealogical and textual connections between various works or authors’ names and the Earl of Oxford.
  3. Identifies text possessing literary qualities conforming to known writing by the Earl of Oxford, his established Voice, William Shakespeare, and ultimately to works by the newly discovered Voices as well.
  4. Contrasts biographical facts and literary proclivities of independent writers with those of the Voices and their works.
  5. Concludes with proper lists of Oxford’s Voices and their works, proper lists of the era’s independent writers and their literary works, and a list of 116 works that by my judgment others have erroneously assigned to Oxford.

Traditional scholarship has been immensely helpful, if at times unwittingly. Research by Oxfordians aided this effort through books, papers and articles. All sources are acknowledged.

The book avoids what I consider to be controversial constructs, such as bastard-son (“Prince Tudor”) theories, hidden ciphers, faked deaths, sexual-orientation inferences and the interpretation of fiction as contemporary allegory. There is no psychologizing in this book. Nowhere will you find passages conjecturing about how Oxford must have acted because of how he must have felt. My aim was to be objective throughout.

Induction is a complex business. It does not take one from a premise to facts but from facts to a proposition, which when established can become a premise by which one can deduce additional facts. Details lead to context, and context leads to the discovery of more details. Induction allows deduction, and they must support each other mutually. That is the approach taken in this book.

Hot Answers to Cool Questions          

This project revealed answers to numerous questions that have dogged researchers of Elizabethan literature and activity. Once the proper context is established, all kinds of seeming conundrums become parts of a sensible picture. Here are some questions to which I believe this book provides satisfactory answers:

  1. How many allonyms and pseudonyms provide cover for works by the Earl of Oxford? 
  2. To members of what family did Oxford’s Voices dedicate the most books? 
  3. How many poems and lyrics in The Passionate Pilgrime (1599) did Oxford write? 
  4. How many times did Oxford write literary dedications to himself? 
  5. When and where did Oxford first employ the initials W.S. in print, implying that he had adopted the pseudonym, William Shakespeare? 
  6. When did Oxford tap Will Shaksper of Stratford to provide a body for the name William Shakespeare? 
  7. Did any of Oxford’s Voices ever praise Shakespeare? 
  8. How many people hinted that they knew Oxford had one or more Voices? 
  9. What project may have triggered Elizabeth’s decision to pay Oxford 1000 pounds a year? 
  10. Was Oxford of low character? A plotter of murders? A philanderer? A pederast? A monstrous adversary? A secret Catholic? A mocker of the Bible? 
  11. Which fellow poet did Oxford admire most? 
  12. What is the single most extensive Oxmyth? 
  13. Did Shakespeare ever take up Henry Chettle’s plea to pen an epitaph for Queen Elizabeth? 
  14. What five other Elizabethan writers penned material under at least two pseudonyms? 
  15. What respected name attached to poetry is a cover for two consecutive writers, and who were they? 
  16. Did Robert Greene ever publish his promised Blacke Booke? If so, where is it? 
  17. Who composed George Peele’s “only extant letter”? And who delivered it to Lord Burghley’s doorstep? 
  18. To whom are Samuel Daniel’s Delia sonnets addressed? Why did Daniel apologize for and “correct” them? Where did he get the name Delia? 
  19. Where did Robert Chester get the name Emaricdulfe? 
  20. Who wrote Richard Edwards’ Palamon & Arcyte
  21. How many plays did Thomas Kyd write? 
  22. Is anything in Christopher Marlowe’s name not at all by him? 
  23. Is anything in Ben Jonson’s accepted canon not by him? 
  24. Did Ben Jonson make the 1602 revisions to The Spanish Tragedie
  25. Did Oxford write the glosses for Edmund Spenser’s The Shepheardes Calender (1579) under the initials E.K.? 
  26. What parts of Thomas Watson’s Hekatompathia (1582) did the Earl of Oxford write? 
  27. Who wrote Greenes Groats-worth of Witte (1592): Robert Greene, Henry Chettle, Thomas Nashe, Chettle and Greene, Chettle and Nashe, Greene and Nashe, all three of them, the Earl of Oxford, or someone else entirely? 
  28. How did William Rowley and William Shakespeare’s names come to be placed on the title page of The Birth of Merlin, published in 1662? 
  29. How much of The Two Noble Kinsmen did Shakespeare and John Fletcher each write? 
  30. On how many plays did Shakespeare collaborate with each of the following people: Michael Drayton, Thomas Middleton, George Chapman, Thomas Kyd, George Wilkins, John Fletcher, William Rowley, Christopher Marlowe, George Peele, William Stanley and Thomas Nashe? 
  31. Did Oxford write the Langham Letter? 
  32. Who wrote Leicesters Commonwealth
  33. Who wrote the Parnassus Plays? 
  34. Who wrote the body of Willobie His Avisa? Who wrote the preface and brought the book to press? Who got upset about it and responded in print? 
  35. Was Richard Barnfield gay? 
  36. Was Walter Ralegh atheistic? Was Christopher Marlowe atheistic? 
  37. What was Oxford’s opinion of witchcraft? What did he think of astrology and astrologers? Did he believe it was possible to conjure up spirits? 
  38. Did Oxford dress in an effeminate manner?
  39. Did Barnabe Rich know the Earl of Oxford? If so, what did he, as revealed by his own words, think of him? 
  40. What literary name should be credited with initiating euphuism? 
  41. What else does W.C.’s marginal note in Polimanteia indicate that he knew? 
  42. To which person among four who qualify as “Lady Anne Dacre” did Henrie Wotton dedicate A Courtlie controversie of Cupids Cautels in 1578? 
  43. Did Oxford ever write pornography? If so, where? 
  44. Did Oxford ever write of homosexual attraction? If so, where? And what was his motive? 
  45. How many people did Gabriel Harvey battle in the pamphlet war of 1589-1597? 
  46. Why is Gabriel Harvey’s writing so cryptic? What was he on about? 
  47. Among John Lyly, Robert Greene, Thomas Nashe, Gabriel Harvey and the Earl of Oxford, who is the most sympathetic victim of abuse? 
  48. What was Thomas Nashe’s occupation? 
  49. How many among the documentary records of Thomas Nashe’s activities prove that the writer existed as a person? 
  50. Did Thomas Nashe spend time in the Fleet? Did he lodge at Croydon in 1592? Did he spend time in Yarmouth? Did he spend time at George Carey’s house? 
  51. About whom was Thomas Nashe griping in his preface to Robert Greene’s Menaphon (1589)? What work prompted him to complain of one who would “bodge up a blanke verse with ifs and ands”?
  52. In 1589, Nashe wrote, “a tale of Jhon a Brainfords will, and the unluckie furmentie, wilbe as soon interteined into their libraries, as the best poeme that ever Tasso eternisht.” Who is Jhon a Brainford? Why Tasso? 
  53. When authorities commanded Thomas Nashe and Gabriel Harvey to stop writing, who was silenced? 
  54. How many of these names are improperly rendered: Walter Raleigh, Thomas Blenerhasset, George Whetstone, George Turberville, Emilia Bassano? 
  55. Which among the following women writers did not write the most celebrated item attributed to her: 
    • Isabella Whitney — A Sweet Nosgay (1573)
    • Margaret Tyler — The Mirrour of princely Deeds and Knighthood (1578)
    • Mary Sidney — Tragedie of Antonie (1592)
    • Emilia Bassana — Salve Deus Rex Judaeorum (1611)
    • Elizabeth Tanfield Cary — The Tragedie of Mariam (1613)? 

If you already have opinions on these matters, I am confident that a surprising number of the book’s answers will differ from yours. When you log into the book, you will find this list again, augmented with brief answers, each of which is supported in detail within the volume. Just search on “Hot Answers.”

—Robert Prechter, October 2021